Rheological methods for high block, tack and scrub resistant coating composition

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a coating composition or paint comprising a multistage latex with at least first and second stages, wherein the composition or paint is substantially free of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and capable of film formation even in the absence of coalescent agents. The base paint formulation is capable of being tinted at a point-of-sale (i.e. in-store) using a colorant composition of a type and quantity required to produce a paint of desired color and finish. The paints, show improved block resistance, scrub resistance and tack resistance. Rheological techniques as described herein may be used to determine tack resistance, print resistance, and other performance characteristics.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/834,416 filed on 30 Mar. 2020, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/664,676 filed on 31 Jul. 2017, and entitled:“Rheological Methods for High Block, Tack and Scrub Resistant CoatingComposition,” now U.S. Pat. No. 10,626,284, which is a continuation inpart of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/012,240 filed on 1 Feb. 2016 andentitled: “High Block, Tack and Scrub Resistant Coating Composition,”now U.S. Pat. No. 10,273,378, which is a continuation in part of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/285,722 filed 23 May 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.9,611,393, which is a continuation of International Patent ApplicationSerial No. PCT/US2012/069108 filed 12 Dec. 2012, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/576,021 filed 15Dec. 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference hereinin their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventionally, paint compositions containing latex polymer particlesalso include a coalescent in addition to pigments and fillers. Thecoalescent functions as a solvent as well as a plasticizer for thepolymer particles to soften the latex polymer particles and assist inthe formation of a continuous coating or film after applying to asurface and allowing to dry.

Useful coalescents are generally stable in the presence of water,compatible with other ingredients typically used in paint formulations,particularly the latex polymers, such that the stability of thelatex-based composition is not compromised. Typical coalescent agentscontain volatile organic compounds (VOC) and are sufficiently volatileto escape when the applied coating composition is allowed to dry, butsufficiently nonvolatile to evaporate more slowly than other ingredients(e.g., drying retarders, antifreezes) that delay film formation.

For environmental and regulatory reasons, it has become imperative todevelop latex polymers that can be used in paint and coatingcompositions without the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).Coalescent agents of the type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,762,230 and7,812,079, for example, are low-VOC compounds that meet stringentenvironmental requirements, while facilitating film formation.

To make paint formulations of a desired color and finish, base paintcompositions are combined at a point-of-sale with low-VOC colorantcompositions of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,659,340, forexample. However, typical low VOC paints with low VOC colorants tend toform soft, tacky coatings that show poor performance characteristics,such as poor block resistance and poor scrub resistance, for example.This situation is further complicated in deeply colored paintformulations that require high loading of the low VOC or zero-VOCcolorants, which generally have residual non-volatile soft components,making hard film formation even more difficult.

Conventionally, the methods used to assess certain performancecharacteristics paint formulations have relied on visual andobservational tests. Such tests are only semi-quantitative and do notprovide insight into structure property relationships. Moreover, some ofthe conventional methods are known to have low repeatability, andratings taken by different operators and/or at different times may varyconsiderably. Therefore, it is often difficult to predict performancecharacteristics of a paint formulation relying on conventional methodsof testing.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that there is a need forlatex compositions for use in paint formulations, including deeplycolored formulations that form hard films in the presence of low VOC orzero-VOC components soft components, even in the absence of coalescentagents, and demonstrate excellent performance characteristics, includingblock, scrub and tack resistance. There is also a need for quantitativemethods or tests that can be used to predict paint performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides coating compositions that includemultistage latex polymers, for use in low VOC, colored paintformulations. These formulations include deeply colored formulations,made by adding colorant compositions to base paint formulations at apoint-of-sale. Surprisingly, and in contravention of industry bias,systems that include the latex polymer described herein are preferablycapable of film formation, and the paints demonstrate excellent tackresistance, block resistance and scrub resistance. Rheologicaltechniques as described herein may be used to determine tack resistance,print resistance, and other performance characteristics.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides basepaints that include a multistage latex polymer having at least a firststage and a second stage. The base paint formulations have scrubresistance of at least 1000, a storage modulus (F) of about 1.0×10⁶ to1.0 to 10⁷ Pa at 60° C. and 0.1 rad/s and tan (δ) of less than about 0.2at 60° C. and 0.1 rad/s, representative of and print resistance of thebase paints.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of makinga paint formulation of a desired color by adding a colorant compositionto a base paint formulation at a point-of-sale, wherein the base paintformulation includes a multistage latex polymer having at least a firststage and a second stage. In another embodiment, the present inventionprovides a method comprising the steps of preparing a first monomermixture for the first stage, preparing a second monomer mixture for thesecond stage, and feeding the first and second monomer mixtures in asequential feed process to form the multistage latex polymer, whereinthe latex polymer has low VOC content, and is preferably capable of filmformation in the absence of a coalescent.

The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describeeach disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the presentinvention. The description that follows more particularly exemplifiesillustrative embodiments. In several places throughout the application,guidance is provided through lists of examples, which examples can beused in various combinations. In each instance, the recited list servesonly as a representative group and should not be interpreted as anexclusive list.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thedescription and drawings, and from the claims.

Selected Definitions

Unless otherwise specified, the following terms as used herein have themeanings provided below.

The term “component” refers to any compound that includes a particularfeature or structure. Examples of components include compounds,monomers, oligomers, polymers, and organic groups contained there.

The term “double bond” is non-limiting and refers to any type of doublebond between any suitable atoms (e.g., C, O, N, etc.). The term“ethylenically unsaturated” refers to compounds that include acarbon-carbon double bond (i.e. —C═C—).

The term “volatile organic compound” (“VOC”), as defined by theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 40 C.F.R. 51.100(s), refers toany compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate,which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions. Typically,volatile organic compounds have a vapor pressure equal to or greaterthan 0.1 mm Hg. As used herein, “volatile organic compound content”(“VOC content”) is as measured by ASTM method D2369-90, and means theweight of VOC per volume of the coating solids, and is reported, forexample, as grams VOC per liter (g/L).

As used herein, the term “glass transition temperature” or “Tg” refersto the temperature at which an amorphous, solid material undergoes areversible transition to a molten, rubber-like state. Unless otherwiseindicated, the Tg values described herein are theoretical valuespredicted using the Fox equation. Application of the Fox equation toestimate the Tg of polymers is well known in the art.

The term “substantially free of VOC” means that the compositions of thepresent invention contain less than about 50 g/L VOC. Unless otherwiseindicated, the terms “low VOC” and “substantially free of VOC” are usedinterchangeably herein. The term “essentially free of VOC” means thatthe compositions of the present invention contain less than 5 g/L ofVOCs. The terms, “zero VOC” and “essentially free of VOC” are usedinterchangeably herein.

The term “substantially free,” when applied to components of acomposition and not to VOC levels, means that the compositions of thepresent invention contain no more than about 5 wt % of a particularcomponent, based on total weight of solids in the composition. Forexample, a composition of the present invention that is substantiallyfree of coalescent contains no more than about 5 wt % coalescent. Acomposition of the present invention that is essentially free ofcoalescent contains no more than about 0.5 wt % of coalescent.

The term “water-dispersible” in the context of a water-dispersiblepolymer means that the polymer can be mixed into water (or an aqueouscarrier) to form a stable mixture. For example, a mixture that readilyseparates into immiscible layers is not a stable mixture. Unlessotherwise indicated, the term “water-dispersible” is intended to includethe term “water-soluble.” In other words, by definition, a water-solublepolymer is also considered to be a water-dispersible polymer.

The term “dispersion,” as used herein, in the context of a dispersiblepolymer refers to the mixture of a dispersible polymer and a carrier.Unless otherwise indicated, the term “dispersion” is intended to includethe term “solution.”

As used herein, the term “pigment” refers to an organic or inorganicmaterial, and is typically (but not exclusively) in solid form.

As used herein, the term “colorant” refers to a dispersion of pigment ina mobile phase, typically in liquid form, which is added to a coatingcomposition to modify or alter its color or hue, typically at apoint-of-sale. As the term is used herein, a colorant may include one ormore pigments, dyes and/or inks, along with other additives.

As used herein, the term “base paint” means a composition that includesa vehicle component containing a binder or resin component, and apigment or filler component dispersed into the vehicle component. Asused herein, the base paint formulation includes water as the vehicle, alatex polymer as the binder or resin component, and one or more pigmentsor fillers used to tone or opacify the base paint as the pigmentcomponent.

The base paints described herein are “in-store tintable,” meaning thatthe base paints are present in containers (such as paint cans, forexample) and can be tinted or colored by adding a colorant compositionin the store, i.e. at a point of sale, to provide a paint formulation ofa desired color and finish.

As used herein, the term “container” means any vessel (either with orwithout a lid or other type of closure) used to store, mix, tint orcolor a paint formulation, and includes the vessels in which paints aretypically marketed and sold. Suitable containers include paint cans,paint bottles, containers made of metal, containers made of plasticand/or other polymeric materials, and the like.

The term “headspace,” as used herein, refers to the volume remaining ina container after the container has been filled with a base paint.

The term “scrub resistance,” as used herein, refers to the ability ofthe surface of a coating film or paint film to resist being worn away orto maintain its original appearance when rubbed with or against anabrasive surface, typically during cleaning. To measure scrubresistance, a standard test method, ASTM D2486-96 (Standard Test Methodfor Scrub Resistance of Wall Paints).

As used herein, the term “block resistance” means the ability of acoating film or paint film, when applied to two surfaces, not to stickto itself on prolonged contact when pressure is applied for a definedperiod of time. It is a measure of the degree of hardness and/or degreeof cure of a film of a coating composition or paint formulation, and ismeasured by a standard test method, ASTM D4946-89 (Standard Test Methodfor Blocking Resistance of Architectural Paints).

The term “tack resistance,” as used herein, refers to the residual tackof a coating film or paint film after it has been applied to a substratesurface and dried. Tack resistance was measured using standard methodsknown in the art.

The term “storage modulus,” or E′, as used herein, refers to the storedenergy in a viscoelastic material such as a paint, for example. Storagemodulus corresponds approximately to the solid-like character of thepaint. The term is used interchangeably with “elastic modulus” herein.

The term “loss modulus” or E″ refers to the energy dissipated as heat bya viscoelastic material such as a paint, for example. Loss moduluscorresponds approximately to the liquid-like character of the paint.

The ratio of loss modulus to storage modulus (E″/E′) is represented bytan (δ) and corresponds to the relative liquid-like/solid-like characterof a paint.

As used herein, the storage modulus and/or loss modulus are measuredisothermally, i.e. at a single temperature of either 25° C. or 60° C.,for example, and at a particular frequency, i.e. 2.1 rad/s or 0.1 rad/s,for example.

Unless otherwise indicated, a reference to a “(meth)acrylate” compound(where “meth” is bracketed) is meant to include both acrylate andmethacrylate compounds.

The term “on”, when used in the context of a coating applied on asurface or substrate, includes both coatings applied directly orindirectly to the surface or substrate. Thus, for example, a coatingapplied to a primer layer overlying a substrate constitutes a coatingapplied on the substrate.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “polymer” includes bothhomopolymers and copolymers (i.e., polymers of two or more differentmonomers).

The term “comprises” and variations thereof do not have a limitingmeaning where these terms appear in the description and claims.

The terms “preferred” and “preferably” refer to embodiments of theinvention that may afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances.However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same orother circumstances.

Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred embodiments doesnot imply that other embodiments are not useful, and is not intended toexclude other embodiments from the scope of the invention.

As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” “at least one,” and “one or more” areused interchangeably. Thus, for example, a coating composition thatcomprises “an” additive can be interpreted to mean that the coatingcomposition includes “one or more” additives.

Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints includeall numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2,2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.). Furthermore, disclosure of a range includesdisclosure of all subranges included within the broader range (e.g., 1to 5 discloses 1 to 4, 1.5 to 4.5, 1 to 2, etc.).

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a photographic representation of the Cotton Ball Print Test.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention described herein feature an in-storetintable base paint formulation that includes a multistage latex polymerhaving at least a first stage and a second stage, wherein the latex ispreferably capable of forming a film even in the absence of a coalescentagent. The base paint formulation as described herein is preferablysubstantially free of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and is used tomake coating compositions or paints, including deeply colored paints, bythe addition of colorant compositions to the base paint at thepoint-of-sale. Preferred paints demonstrate excellent performancecharacteristics, such as optimal block resistance, and superior scrubresistance and tack resistance, for example. Rheological techniques asdescribed herein may be used to determine tack resistance, printresistance, and other performance characteristics.

Rheological techniques as described herein may be used to determine tackresistance, print resistance, and other performance characteristics. Bycharacterizing the viscoelastic and rheological behavior of the paintcompositions described herein, it may be possible to predict performancecharacteristics of other paint compositions.

In an embodiment, the invention described herein includes an in-storetintable base paint that comprises a multistage latex polymer. The term“multistage,” as used herein with respect to a latex means the latexpolymer was made using discrete, sequential charges of two or moremonomers or monomer mixtures, or was made using a continuously-variedcharge of two or more monomers.

A multistage latex does not necessarily exhibit a single Tg inflectionpoint as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Forexample, a DSC curve for a multistage latex made using discrete chargesof two or more monomers may exhibit two or more Tg inflection points. Incases where a DSC curve shows only a single Tg inflection point, or evenno Tg inflection points, it may be difficult to determine whether thelatex is single stage or multistage, as the observation of a Tginflection point depends on various factors, including the relativeconcentration of monomers in a particular stage. The presence or absenceof Tg inflection points on a DSC curve is not dispositive, but amultistage latex may be described in terms of the theoretical Tg valuesfor each monomer stage, as determined by the Fox equation.

In an embodiment, a method of making a multistage latex having at leasta first stage and a second stage is described herein. The methodincludes steps of providing a first monomer or mixture for the firststage, providing a second monomer or mixture for the second stage; andfeeding the first and second monomers or mixtures into a reaction vesselto form a multistage latex that is capable of film formation in theabsence of a coalescent agent.

Various methods can be used to prepare the multistage latex describedherein, including for example, sequential monomer feed and continuouslyvarying monomer feed techniques. In a sequential monomer feed process, afirst monomer or monomer mixture is fed during the early stages ofpolymerization, and a second monomer (i.e. a different monomer, or amixture of monomers present in different ratios than in the firstmonomer mixture) is fed during later stages of polymerization. In avarying monomer feed process, a first monomer composition is fed,followed by the addition of a second monomer at certain points in thepolymerization process, and at different speeds. By controlling the typeof monomers selected for the feed process, a multistage latex suitablefor low VOC, coating compositions or paints may be formed, and the latexpreferably provides excellent performance characteristics, such as, forexample, block resistance, scrub resistance, tack resistance, and thelike, for such coating or paint formulations.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex composition described herein ismade by a sequential monomer feed process. In an aspect, polymerizationbegins with a high Tg monomer feed followed by a low Tg monomer feed,and vice-versa. In a preferred aspect, polymerization begins with a highTg monomer feed, followed by a low Tg monomer feed.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex composition described herein ismade using varying monomer feeds. The resulting polymer will typicallyhave a DSC curve that exhibits no Tg inflection points, and could besaid to have an essentially infinite number of Tg stages. The resultantmultistage latex will have a gradient Tg from high to low, orvice-versa, depending on the order that monomers of high Tg are fed intothe reaction.

In a preferred aspect, the multistage latex described herein is made bya sequential monomer feed process using at least two distinct feeds ofmonomers. In an aspect, a high Tg stage (i.e. a hard stage) is fed firstinto a reactor vessel, and a low Tg stage (i.e. a soft stage) is addedat a later stage in the process. A multistage latex may be formed, andafter coalescence, the composition will typically display two distinctTg values, or at least one Tg corresponding to the monomer stage presentat higher concentration. Without being bound to theory, it is expectedthat no distinct Tg will be observed or detected by DSC for a monomer ormonomer mixture in a particular stage that is present in very smallquantities relative to the other monomer or monomer mixture.

In an aspect, the multistage latex optionally includes a seed phase,i.e. a relatively small monomer or polymer particle, but the seed is notrequired, nor essential for preparation or optimal performance of themultistage latex when used in a coating composition or paintformulation.

In an aspect, the relative positions of the first and second phases maybe internal and external respectively, or vice-versa. In another aspect,the first and second phases may be neighboring or adjacent. Withoutbeing bound by theory, it is believed that the relative position of thestages of the multistage latex is influenced by the method used to makethe latex. By controlling the monomers used in each stage of thesequential monomer feed process, the multistage latex described hereinwill contain about 10 wt % to 50 wt %, preferably about 20 to 40 wt %,more preferably about 25 to 35 wt % of monomers of the first stage, i.e.high Tg or hard stage monomers, and about 50 wt % to 90 wt %, preferablyabout 60 to 80 wt %, more preferably about 65 to 75 wt % of monomers ofthe second stage, i.e. low Tg or soft stage monomers, based on the totalweight of the composition.

In an embodiment, by controlling the monomers used for each stage of thesequential monomer feed process, a multistage latex composition withoptimal minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) is obtained. The MFFT isthe minimum temperature at which the multistage latex composition willform a continuous film, i.e. the temperature below which coalescencedoes not occur. The MFFT of the multistage latex composition asdescribed herein is preferably less than about 20° C., more preferablyless than about 10° C. A base paint or other paint that includes themultistage latex described herein has MFFT of less than about 20° C.,preferably less than about 10° C.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex described herein preferablyincludes at least two polymer portions. In a preferred embodiment, themultistage latex includes at least a first stage and a second stage. Inan aspect, the multistage latex includes up to about 50%, preferablyabout 10% to 40%, more preferably 15% to 35% of one or more monomers ora mixture of monomers comprising the first stage. In an aspect, themultistage latex includes about 50%, preferably 60% to 90%, morepreferably 75% to 85% of one or more monomers or a mixture of monomerscomprising the second stage.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex described herein preferablyincludes at least two polymer portions with different Tg values. In apreferred embodiment, the multistage latex includes at least a firststage and a second stage. The first stage preferably has a Tg of about0° C. to 120° C., more preferably about 50° C. to about 80° C. Thesecond stage preferably has a Tg of greater than about −35° C. to 10° C.In an embodiment, where the multistage latex is intended for use in apigmented high gloss or semi-gloss paint, the first stage preferably hasTg of about 0° to 120° C., more preferably 25° to 75° C., mostpreferably 45° to 55° C.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex described herein preferablyincludes at least two polymer portions, i.e. a first stage and a secondstage, with different Tg values, where the difference in Tg (ΔTg) isabout 35° C., preferably about 65° C. In an embodiment, where themultistage latex is intended for use in a pigmented high gloss orsemi-gloss paint, the difference in Tg (ΔTg) is preferably about 35° C.,more preferably about 65° C.

In an embodiment, the invention described herein includes a multistagelatex polymer having at least a first stage and a second stage. In anaspect, the first stage and second stage of the multistage latexseparately and preferably include one or more ethylenically unsaturatedmonomers. In another aspect, the first and second stage of themultistage latex separately and preferably includes the one or morepolymerization product(s) of (i) ethylenically unsaturated monomers,such as, for example, alkyl and alkoxy (meth)acrylates, vinyl esters ofsaturated carboxylic acids, monoolefins, conjugated dienes, optionallywith (ii) one or more monomers, such as, for example, styrene, methylmethacrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, vinyl acetate,acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, and the like. In an embodiment, the firststage or second stage of the multistage latex optionally includes one ormore polyfunctional (meth)acrylate monomers. In an embodiment, the firststage and second stage separately and preferably also include one ormore ethylenically unsaturated carboxy-functional amide monomers, e.g.,ureido-functional monomers, such as monomers formed as the product ofthe reaction between aminoalkyl alkylene urea (e.g., amino ethyleneurea, for example) with an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid oranhydride (e.g., maleic anhydride, for example).

Suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers of the first and secondstage include, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methylacrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate,butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate,hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, hydroxybutylmethacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate glycidylether, 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AAEM), diacetone acrylamide(DAAM), acrylamide, methacrylamide, methylol (meth)acrylamide, styrene,α-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, allylmethacrylate, and mixtures thereof. Preferred monomers include styrene,methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, acetoacetoxy ethyl methacrylate,butyl acrylate, and the like.

Suitable polyfunctional acrylates include, for example, di-, tri- andtetra-functional acrylates such as dipropylene glycol diacrylate(DPGDA), propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate (GPTA), pentaerythritoltetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, mixtures thereof, andthe like. Preferred polyfunctional acrylate monomers includepentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerytrithol tetraacrylate, and thelike.

Suitable ureido-functional monomers include, for example, monomers withthe —NR—(C═O)—NH— functionality, where R may be H, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl or heteroalkyl, and the like. Without being bound by theory,ureido-functional monomers are believed to promote the wet adhesion of apaint formulation to a substrate, where the formulation includes themultistage latex described herein.

In an embodiment, the first or second stage of the multistage latex eachseparately and preferably include about 90 to 99 wt %, more preferablyabout 94 to 96 wt %, and most preferably about 97 to 98 wt % of one ormore ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and preferably up to about 5 wt%, more preferably about 1 to 4 wt %, and most preferably about 2 to 3wt % of one or more ureido-functional monomers, based on the totalweight of the monomers in the first or second stage respectively. Forexample, in a preferred embodiment, the first stage includes about 70 wt% methyl methacrylate, 23% butyl acrylate, 2 wt % methacrylic acid, 2-4wt % DAAM, and about 1 wt % ureido-functional monomer. In a preferredembodiment, the second stage includes about 30 wt % methyl methacrylate,60 wt % butyl acrylate, about 2-4 wt % DAAM, about 2 wt % methacrylicacid, and about 1 wt % ureido-functional monomer.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex described herein includes,optionally and preferably, a fluorosurfactant. As used herein, the term“fluorosurfactant” refers to synthetic organofluorine compounds withmultiple fluorine atoms. Such compounds can be polyfluorinated,perfluorinated (i.e. fluorocarbons), or partially fluorinated, andtypically include a hydrophilic head and a fluorinated/hydrophobic tail.Suitable fluorosurfactants may be anionic or nonionic. Commonly usedfluorosurfactants include, for example, fluoroalkanes, perfluoroalkanes,their derivatives, and the like. In an aspect, short chain fluorinatedcompounds are preferred, such as, for example, C1-C10 fluorinatedcompounds. In a preferred aspect, the fluorosurfactant is an anionicC6-fluorocarbon compound, and is preferably substantially free of PFOSand PFOA, and more preferably, essentially free of PFOS and PFOA. In apreferred aspect, the multistage latex preferably includes up to about0.5 wt %, more preferably about 0.1 to 0.3 wt %, based on the totalweight of the multistage latex composition.

The composition described herein may include other components oradditives, added to either the reaction mixture of monomers used to makethe multistage latex, to the latex, or to a coating composition or basepaint that includes the latex. Suitable additives are known to those ofskill in the art and include, for example, surfactants, open timeagents, pH adjustors, initiator and chaser solutions, cross-linkingagents, preservatives, defoaming agents, anticorrosive agents, andcombinations thereof.

In an aspect, the multistage latex composition described herein mayinclude a coalescing agent that aids in film formation. Suitablecoalescing agents or coalescent compounds are dispersible in a coatingcomposition or paint that includes the latex described herein, andfacilitate film formation at temperatures of less than about 25° C., andeven at temperatures of 5 to 10° C. Preferred coalescing agents have VOCcontent of less than about 50%, preferably less than about 30%, morepreferably, less than about 20%, and most preferably, less than about15%. Exemplary suitable coalescing agents include low VOC compounds ofthe type described in detail at least in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,762,230 and7,812,079. Other suitable low VOC coalescents include Optifilm (EastmanChemical, Kingsport Tenn.), Loxanol (Cognis, Kankakee Ill., now BASF),Archer RC (ADM, Decator Ill.), and the like. Conventional coalescingagents such as, Texanol (Eastman Chemical) and the like can also beused, either alone or in combination with other solvents such as, forexample, 2-butoxyethanol (butyl cellosolve), diethylene glycol monobutylether (butyl carbitol), and the like, provided low VOC levels aremaintained in the coating composition or paint.

Although coalescing agents are typically used in paint to aid in filmformation, the paint made with the multistage latex described herein isoftentimes capable of film formation at low levels of coalescent, oreven in the absence of coalescing agents, at film-forming temperaturesof 20° C. or less, more preferably at temperatures of 10° C. or less.Accordingly, in an aspect, the coalescing agent is an optionalingredient in coating compositions or paints that include the latexdescribed herein, and in a preferred aspect, the coating composition orpaint is substantially free, and more preferably, essentially free ofcoalescing agents. In a preferred aspect, the composition describedherein includes no more than about 10 wt %, preferably less than 10 wt %coalescing agent.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex composition described herein issuitable for use in a low-VOC or zero-VOC coating composition or a paintto be colored or tinted to a desired color and finish, such as anin-store tintable base paint, for example. In an aspect, the coatingcomposition or paint may include one or more pigments, includingpigments or fillers used to tone or opacify the in-store tintable basepaint. Suitable examples of pigments include, without limitation,titanium dioxide white, carbon black, lamp black, black iron oxide, rediron oxide, yellow iron oxide, brown iron oxide (a blend of yellow andred oxide with black oxide), phthalocyanine green, phthalocyanine blue,organic reds (such as naphthol red, quinacridone red and toluidine red),quinacridone magenta, quinacridone violent, DNA orange, and/or organicyellows (such as Hansa yellow), for example.

In an embodiment, the multistage latex composition can be used in acoating composition, such as a paint, especially a base paint to becolored or tinted at the point-of-sale of a paint of desired color andfinish. In an aspect, the base paint may be clear (unpigmented) orpigmented prior to being colored or tinted. In an aspect, the base paintis tinted or colored in-store using one or more commercially availablecolorants. Suitable colorants which can be used in a coating compositionor paint formulation include, for example, NovoColor (Color Corp. ofAmerica, Louisville Ky.) colorants, i.e. zero-VOC colorants compatiblewith water-based coating compositions as described herein. Preferredcolorant compositions include a colorant component, i.e. a pigmentdispersed in a liquid phase, a surfactant package that includes alatex-compatible surfactant, a carrier, and other optional additives.Exemplary colorant compositions include single colorant formulationscompatible with latex paints, of the kind described in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,488,760 and 7,659,340. These colorant compositions are uniform and donot require mixing before addition to a base paint formulation, haveextended shelf-life, and show viscosity increase of less than about 15KU, more preferably less than about 10 KU, when stored over an extendedperiod of time at temperatures of about 40° to 50°.

In an aspect, the multistage latex composition can be used in a basepaint formulation to be tinted to produce a dark or deeply coloredpaint. To produce such dark or deeply colored paint requires a highcolorant load. In an aspect, the amount of colorant to be added to thebase paint is determined by the desired color and finish (i.e. glossy,semi-gloss, satin, etc.) of the colored paint. Preferably, the paintincludes up to about 20 wt % colorant, more preferably about 5 to 15 wt% colorant, and most preferably about 8 to 12 wt % colorant.

Typically, the viscosity of the base paint decreases when the colorantcomposition is added. A deeply colored paint requires a high colorantload, and therefore, the colored paint will have a lower viscosity andmay have poor properties on application to a substrate. Moreover, asbase paints are made to have low or no VOC by using softer polymers, andlow or no VOC-containing colorants added to the base paint have a highpercentage of non-volatile soft components, it is difficult to form ahard acrylic film or coating, with good mechanical properties, i.e.block resistance, and scrub resistance, for example. Surprisingly, themultistage latex described herein, when used in a base paint to betinted to a colored paint, and especially a deeply colored paint,resists softening even at the high colorant load, with a correspondinglyhigh percentage of non-volatile soft components, needed to make a deeplycolored paint. Contrary to expectation, paints made using the multistagelatex described herein provide excellent block resistance whilemaintaining superior scrub resistance when compared to commerciallyavailable latex polymers.

In contravention of industry bias, when used in paint applied at hightemperatures and/or in very humid environments, the paint includingmultistage latex described herein displays excellent performancecharacteristics, with optimal scrub resistance and tack resistance,along with superior block resistance relative to formulations made usingcommercially available latex polymers.

In an embodiment, paints made with the multistage latex described hereindemonstrate excellent block resistance. Block resistance is measured bya standard test as described below, and block ratings are assigned on ascale from 0 to 10, where a rating of 0 corresponds to very poor blockresistance, and a rating of 10 corresponds to excellent blockresistance. In an aspect, the paints described herein show 1-day and7-day block ratings of preferably at least 6, more preferably at least7, and most preferably at least 8.

In an embodiment, paints made with the multistage latex described hereindemonstrate superior scrub resistance, when compared to commerciallyavailable formulations. Scrub resistance is measured by a standard testas described below. The film is cured for seven (7) days, and scrubresistance is reported as a number of scrubs applied before the filmfailed, i.e. scrubbed off the substrate surface. In an aspect, thepaints described herein display scrub resistance of at least about 600scrubs, more preferably at least about 800, even more preferably atleast about 1000, and most preferably at least 1100.

In an embodiment, paints made with the multistage latex described hereindemonstrate excellent tack resistance. Tack resistance is measured by astandard test as described below, and reported as the time followinginitial cure that the surface of the film is no longer sticky to thetouch. In an aspect, the paints described herein preferably display atack force of less than 1.1 lbF, and more preferably less than 0.7 lbF.

In an embodiment, paints with the multistage latex described hereindemonstrate superior print resistance relative to commercially availableformulations. Print resistance is measured by a standard test asdescribed below. A paint sample is applied and dried for a specifiedtime and at a specified temperature and humidity. Samples are rated on ascale of 0 to 10, with 10 representing the highest print resistance. Inan aspect, the paints described herein preferably demonstrate printresistance of at least 8, preferably 9, and more preferably 10.

Conventional methods for measuring the tack and print resistance of apaint composition are problematic, however, because these test methodsare only semi-quantitative and do not provide insight into thestructure-function relationship of the paint composition. For example,ASTM D2064-91 (Standard Test Method for Print Resistance ofArchitectural Paints) estimates that repeatability of this method for anexperienced operator is only plus or minus one unit on a 0-10 scale andthat numerical ratings for different operators or taken at differenttimes may differ. As a result, the conventional tests do not have asmuch use as predictive tools for the performance of a paint or asobjective, quantitative tools to characterize the performance of apaint.

In certain embodiments, rheological methods are used to test the coatingcompositions described herein. Specifically, the viscoelastic propertiesof the compositions are assessed by measuring storage modulus (E′) andloss modulus (E″). These methods provide better understanding of thestructure-function relationship of the compositions and allow thequantification of physical properties corresponding to the tackresistance and print resistance of the paint formulations describedherein.

Without limiting to theory, it is believed that high E′ values correlatewell with superior tack resistance, i.e. coating with higher E′ valueswill have lower probe tack and perceived tack. Similarly, E′ is believedto correlate well with print resistance such that paint compositionswith high E′ values will have superior print resistance. Thisrelationship between storage modulus and print resistance may also beexpressed in terms of tan (δ) values, where lower tan (δ) valuescorrelate with superior print resistance.

Accordingly, in an embodiment, the paint compositions described hereinmay be characterized by the rheological behavior of these compositions.Specifically, the compositions described herein have E′ values of1.0×10⁶ to 1.0 to 10⁷ Pa at 60° C. and 0.1 rad/s, preferably 1.0×10⁶ to7.0×10⁶ Pa, more preferably 2.0×10⁶ to 3.0×10⁶ Pa. These valuescorrelate with a perceived tack rating of 1 (least tacky) when assessedin a perceived tack survey.

In an embodiment, the compositions described herein have tan (δ) valuesof preferably less than 0.2 at 60° C. and 0.1 rad/s, preferably lessthan 0.15, and more preferably about 0.05 to 0.15. These valuescorrelate to a cheesecloth print resistance of at least 8, preferably 9when assessed by ASTM D2046-91.

In an aspect, the multistage latex composition described herein can beused in a coating composition or paint that further includes one or moreadditives. Suitable additives include, without limitation, fillers,thixotropes, rheological modifiers, matting agents, and the like. Theadditives may include one or more ingredients added to a paint to modifythe properties or enhance paint performance during storage, handling,application and other or subsequent stages. Desirable performancecharacteristics of a paint formulation include, for example, chemicalresistance, abrasion resistance (i.e. scrub resistance), tackresistance, hardness, gloss, reflectivity, appearance and/or acombination of such properties and similar other properties. Preferredperformance enhancing additives include lacquers, waxes, flattingagents, additives to prevent mar, abrasion, and the like.

The invention is illustrated by the following examples. It is to beunderstood that the particular examples, materials, amounts, andprocedures are to be interpreted broadly in accordance with the scopeand spirit of the inventions as set forth herein. Unless otherwiseindicated, all parts and percentages are by weight and all molecularweights are weight average molecular weight. Unless otherwise specified,all chemicals used are commercially available from, for example,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.

EXAMPLES

Unless indicated otherwise, the following test methods were utilized inthe Examples that follow.

Scrub Resistance

The scrub resistance of the paint formulations is tested using ASTMD2486-96 (Standard Test Method for Scrub Resistance of Wall Paints).

Cotton Ball Print Resistance

The cotton ball print resistance of the paint versions is tested using amodified version of ASTM D2064 (Standard Test Method for PrintResistance of Architectural Paints), modified using a cotton ballinstead of cheesecloth. Briefly, the test uses 3-mil wet drawdowns onLeneta charts. Two inch square test samples are cut from the chart atvarious cure times. Half a cotton ball is placed between the paintsample and the bottom of the rubber stopper. The test is run with a 500g weight on top of the stopper at 60° C. for one hour. The sample isthen kept at room temperature for 30 minutes. The cheesecloth is pulledoff in one smooth motion. Samples are rated on a scale 0 to 10 based ona visual assessment of the amount of cotton that remains stuck to thesample, where 0 represents 100% cotton stuck and 10 represents 0% cottonstuck.

Tack Test

The tack test used herein is modified from the test described in Cakmaket al., eXPRESS Polymer Letters (2011), 5, 1009-1016. In this testmethod, an electromechanical tensile tester is used to quantify surfacetack, and method is optimized for use with paint formulations. AluminumQ-panel sheets were painted and after 24 hours, cut into test samples.Each measurement was made on a separate panel and an average value of3-6 panels was recorded. The run parameters on the tensile tester were:5 lbF pressed into sample, 3 second hold-time, and 0.2 in/min velocityof the head fixture removing from the sample.

Block Resistance

The block resistance of the paint formulations is tested using ASTMD4946-89 (Standard Test Method for Blocking Resistance of ArchitecturalPaints).

Cheesecloth Print Resistance

The print resistance of the paint formulations is tested using ASTM D2064-91 (Standard Test Method for Print Resistance of ArchitecturalPaints). Briefly, the test is performed as follows. A cheesecloth andNo. 8 stopper are placed onto a paint film and a 500 g weight is placedon top of the configuration. The assembly is then placed in an oven fora specified time and a specified temperature, i.e. 60° C. for one hour.The assembly is then removed from the oven and the weight and stopperare removed. After a specified time period, the cheesecloth is removedand the film is examined to determine the depth and amount ofcheesecloth pattern in the paint film. Samples are rated on a scale 0 to10 based on the amount of material that remains stuck to the sample,where 0 represents a significant amount of cheesecloth pattern left onthe paint film and 10 represents no cheesecloth pattern left on thepaint film.

Rheological Testing at 0.1 Rad/s and 60 C

The viscoelastic properties of paint films were evaluated using a RSA-G2Solids Analyzer rheometer outfitted with tension clamp accessory. Theseproperties include the dynamic storage modulus (E′) and the dynamic lossmodulus (E″) which are indicative of the solid-like and liquid-likecharacter of the paints, respectively. In addition, tan(δ) wascalculated as tan(δ)=E″/E′ provides information on the samples abilityto viscously dissipate energy. Paint samples were drawn down ontorelease paper using a 6 mil Bird type film applicator bar. Samples wereprepared and dried and conditioned 24+/−1 hour prior to testing in acontrolled temperature and humidity room (73.5±3.5° F. and 50±5%relative humidity). Samples were cut using a dual blade cutter to createa film with a width of 5.3 mm and a length of at least 45 mm. Thethickness of the sample was measured using a micrometer. The thicknessvalue that was used represents the average of three readings using themicrometer. The tension clamps were zeroed at 25° C. and the sample gap(grip-to-grip distance) was set to 40 mm. All samples were loaded sothat they had great than 0.01 N but less than 1 N of tension forceapplied. The samples were loaded into the tension clamp. Slippage of thesamples was prevented by utilizing wrapping sandpaper around the part ofthe sample that was placed in the grips. The sample oven wassubsequently closed and the sample was equilibrated to 60° C. for 3minutes prior to data acquisition. Data was acquired at a frequency of0.1 rad/s (0.0159 Hertz) and a 0.2% strain. The data reported representsthe average of two measurements. After each experiment, a strain sweepwas performed to ensure that the measurements were within linearviscoelastic window by looking to see if the storage modulus, E′,deviated by more than 10% at 0.2% strain.

Perceived Tack Survey and Rheological Testing at 2.5 Rad/s 25° C.

A survey was conducted to correlate viscoelastic measurements toperceived tack. Five paint samples with varying tack were drawn downonto LENETA cards using a 6 mil Bird type applicator bar. The paintfilms were dried for 24+/−1 hours before cutting the samples intosquares of approximately 1 by 1 inch dimensions. The study was conductedblindly by renaming the samples A-E. 25 participants were asked toevaluate the tack of the samples by using their thumbs and contactingthe paint films for 3 seconds. The participants were asked to rank thesamples on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 representing the sample perceived tobe least tacky, and 5 representing the sample perceived to be mosttacky. The perceived tack ratings were averaged among the participantsto determine the average perceived tack rating of the paints. The paintfilms were prepared and the viscoelastic properties of the paint filmswere measured in a manner similar as described previously. However, forthis test, the samples were tested at 25° C. and 2.5 rad/s (0.398 Hertz)with a strain of 0.05%. The angular frequency (ω) was chosen since thisroughly corresponds to 3 seconds (t=2π/ω) which was the approximatecontact time used for the perceived tack survey.

Example 1: Preparation of White High Gloss Formulation (Comparative)

A 100-gallon formulation of a white high-gloss paint was prepared usingthe ingredients listed in Table 1. The polymer in Table 1 is acommercially available latex polymer system known to provide optimalblock resistance (Rhoplex™ HG706, available from Dow).

TABLE 1 White High-gloss Formulation #1 Raw Material Amount (lbs) Water159 Dispersant 7.0 Surfactant 3.5 Defoamer 1.0 Pigment 225.0 Polymer620.0 Coalescent 8.3 Defoamer 5.2 Neutralizing Agent 1.0 High-shearThickener 6.8 Low-shear Thickener 4 Total 1040.8

Example 2: Preparation of White High-Gloss Formulation (Inventive)

A 100-gallon formulation of a white high-gloss paint was prepared usingthe ingredients listed in Table 2. The polymer in Table 2 is amultistage latex composition prepared by a sequential monomer feedprocess as described above, and including at least a first stage and asecond stage.

TABLE 2 White High-Gloss Formulation #2 Raw Material Amount (lbs) Water187.1 Dispersant 7.0 Surfactant 3.5 Defoamer 1.0 Pigment 225.0 Polymer582.0 Coalescent 12.5 Defoamer 5.2 Neutralizing Agent 1.0 High-shearThickener 6.8 Low-shear Thickener 4 Total 1035.0

Example 3: Clear High-Gloss Formulation (Comparative)

A 100-gallon formulation of a clear high-gloss base paint was preparedusing the ingredients listed in Table 3. The polymer in Table 3 is acommercially available latex polymer system known to provide optimalblock resistance. (Rhoplex™ HG706, available from Dow).

TABLE 3 Clear High-Gloss Formulation #3 Raw Material Amount (lbs) Water124.1 Polymer 696 Defoamer 1.0 Surfactant 5.0 Neutralizing Agent 5.5Coalescent 9.2 High-Shear Thickener 18 Low-Shear Thickener 14.5 Total873.3

Example 4: Clear High-Gloss Formulation (Inventive)

A 100-gallon formulation of a clear high-gloss base paint was preparedusing the ingredients shown in Table 4. The polymer in Table 4 is amultistage latex composition prepared by a sequential monomer feedprocess as described above, and including at least a first stage and asecond stage.

TABLE 4 Clear High-Gloss Formulation #4 Raw Material Amount (lbs) Water175.4 Polymer 639 Defoamer 1 Surfactant 5 Neutralizing Agent 5.5Coalescent 9.2 High-Shear Thickener 18 Low-Shear Thickener 14.5 Total867.6

Example 5. Comparative Testing of Paint Formulations

The formulations from Examples 1 to 4 were used as paint formulations tocoat test panels that were assessed for hardness, tack resistance, blockresistance, scrub resistance, and gloss. For the clear formulations inExamples 3 and 4, the base paint formulation in each case was tintedusing colorant at a concentration of about 12 ounces of colorant pergallon of the base paint (i.e. 7.5 g/L of colorant) and then coated ontotest panels. The white formulations in Examples 1 and 2 were notcolored. Testing results are shown in Table 5 and FIG. 1 .

TABLE 5 Paint performance HT Cotton 20 60 Ball Tack Konig HT degreedegree Print Force Hardness Block gloss gloss Test 24 h PolymerFormulation Scrubs 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h (IbF) Comparative #1 650 128 47 79 — — Inventive #2 1200+ 17 7 40 76 — — Comparative #3 NR 9 5 4775 5 2.71 Inventive #4 NR 14 7 47 76 9 1.05

Example 6. Rheological Testing of Paint Formulations

A base paint formulation using a two-stage polymer using DAAM as thecrosslinker was made as described in Examples 1 to 4. The base paintformulation was tinted using 12 ounces of colorant per gallon of thebase paint (i.e. 7.5 g/L). Paint films were prepared as described above,and their viscoelastic properties (E′ and E″) were measured. For eachpaint formulation, perceived tack, dirt pickup resistance, block, cottonball print resistance, cheesecloth print resistance, scrub resistance,and gloss) (60°) were also measured. For comparison, a base paintformulation using a single stage polymer with DAAM as the crosslinker,two-stage and single stage formulations using AAEM as the crosslinker,base paint formulations without crosslinkers, and several commerciallyavailable paint formulations were also tested. Results are as shown inTable 6 and FIG. 1 .

TABLE 6 Rheological Testing of Paint Formulations 1 day 1 day cottoncheese- Average Average ball cloth E′ (60° C.; tan (δ) print print Paint0.1 rad/s) × (60° C.; resis- resis- 60° Formulation 10⁶ 0.1 rad/s) tancetance Scrubs gloss Inventive 2.49 0.14 9 9   1200 83 (two-stage; DAAM)Inventive 2.00 0.13 4 8 >1600 84 (single stage; DAAM) Inventive 0.990.31 2 0 (two-stage no crosslinker) Inventive 0.20 0.29 2 0 (singlestage, no crosslinker) Inventive 1.26 0.31 4 0 (two-stage; AAEM)Inventive 0.28 0.25 2 2 (single stage; AAEM) Commercial 7.61 0.20 10 9   725 79 Commercial 0.92 0.21 5 7 Commercial 0.93 0.22 8 6 Commercial2.47 0.47 8 5 Commercial 1.78 0.35 2 5 Commercial 0.62 0.24 8 4Commercial 0.57 0.31 5 4 Commercial 0.60 0.33 2 4 Commercial 0.56 0.33 24 Commercial 0.49 0.27 0 4 Commercial 0.41 0.39 0 4 Commercial 0.56 0.412 3 Commercial 0.42 0.42 0 2 Commercial 0.35 0.35 0 2

The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications, andpublications, and electronically available material cited herein areincorporated by reference. The foregoing detailed description andexamples have been given for clarity of understanding only. Nounnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention isnot limited to the exact details shown and described, for variationsobvious to one skilled in the art will be included within the inventiondefined by the claims. The invention illustratively disclosed hereinsuitably may be practiced, in some embodiments, in the absence of anyelement which is not specifically disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A paint container containing a coatingcomposition comprising: an in-store tintable base paint formulationcomprising: a multistage latex polymer derived from monomers comprisinga crosslinking component comprising diacetone acrylamide (DAAM); whereinthe multistage latex polymer comprises at least two stages withdifferent Tg values, where the difference in Tg values is about 35° C.to 65° C.; and wherein the base paint formulation contains less than 50g/L VOC.
 2. The paint container of claim 1, wherein the paint containercomprises a paint can.
 3. The paint container of claim 1, wherein thecoating composition is not made using fluorosurfactant.
 4. The paintcontainer of claim 1, wherein the coating composition has scrubresistance of at least 1000, storage modulus (E′) of about 1.0×10⁶ to1.0 to 10⁷ Pa at 60° C. and 0.1 rad/s and tan (6) of less than about 0.2at 60° C. and 0.1 rad/s.
 5. The paint container of claim 1, wherein themultistage latex polymer comprises: at least a first stage with Tg ofabout 0 to 120° C.; and at least a second stage with Tg of about −35 to10° C.
 6. The paint container of claim 1, wherein the multistage latexpolymer comprises: at least a first stage with Tg of about −35 to 10°C.; and at least a second stage with Tg of about 0 to 120° C.
 7. Thepaint container of claim 1, wherein the multistage latex polymer isderived from a multistage composition comprising: at least a first stagederived from a first mixture of monomers including about 70 to 80 wt %methyl methacrylate, 20 to 30 wt % butyl acrylate, 1 to 2 wt %methacrylic acid, and optionally, about 2 to 4 wt % diacetoneacrylamide, based on the total weight of the monomers in the firstmixture; and at least a second stage derived from a second mixture ofmonomers including about 30 to 40 wt % methyl methacrylate, about 50 to70 wt % butyl acrylate, about 1 to 2 wt % methacrylic acid, andoptionally, about 2 to 4 wt % diacetone acrylamide, based on the totalweight of the monomers in the second mixture; wherein the first mixtureof monomers and/or the second mixture of monomers comprises thediacetone acrylamide.
 8. The paint container of claim 1, wherein thecomposition has E′ corresponding to a cheesecloth print resistancerating of at least 8 according to ASTM D2064-91.
 9. The paint containerof claim 1, wherein the composition has E′ of about 1.0×10⁶ to 1.0×10⁸Pa at 25° C. and 2.1 rad/s.
 10. The paint container of claim 1, whereinthe composition has E′ corresponding to a perceived tack rating of about1 to
 2. 11. The paint container of claim 1, wherein the difference in Tgvalues is at least about 50° C.
 12. The paint container of claim 1,wherein the multistage latex is capable of forming a film at atemperature of 4° C. or less.
 13. The paint container of claim 1,wherein the multistage latex is capable of forming a film at atemperature of 10° C. or less, in the absence of a separate coalescingagent.
 14. The paint container of claim 1, wherein the compositionfurther includes no more than about 10% by weight coalescing agent, andis capable of forming a film at a temperature of 20° C. or less.
 15. Thepaint container of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a scrubresistance of at least
 800. 16. The paint container of claim 15, whereinthe composition includes about 5 to 15 wt % of colorant.
 17. The paintcontainer of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a scrubresistance of at least 1,100.
 18. The paint container of claim 17,wherein the composition is a deeply colored paint formulation.
 19. Thepaint container of claim 17, wherein the composition is a pigmented highgloss or semi-gloss paint.
 20. The paint container of claim 1, whereinthe composition exhibits a 60° gloss rating of at least
 80. 21. Thepaint container of claim 1, wherein the composition includes about 8 to12 wt % of colorant.
 22. The paint container of claim 1, wherein thecomposition is a pigmented high gloss or semi-gloss paint.
 23. The paintcontainer of claim 1, wherein the multistage latex polymer is derivedfrom a multistage composition comprising a ureido-functional monomer.